Determinantes de la transición de la escuela al trabajo en Chile

(analítico) En Chile, actualmente la población categorizada como jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan (conocidos como nini) asciende a cerca de medio millón de personas, lo que presenta un desafío en la orientación de estrategias que les permitan insertarse en el mercado del trabajo o continuar sus estudios. Esta investigación tiene por finalidad determinar los factores que influyen en la transición de la escolaridad al trabajo en la población de jóvenes chilenos, por medio de modelos probabilísticos a partir de datos representativos a nivel nacional. Los resultados muestran que son determinantes la pobreza, la existencia de menores en el hogar, el género y la paternidad o maternidad adolescente. Se establecen algunas estrategias y se hace hincapié en continuar el estudio considerando la multitud de factores que están involucrados.

(analytical) In Chile, the population currently categorized as young people who neither study nor work (known as NEETs) is nearly half a million people, which presents a challenge in terms of developing policies that allow them to enter the labor market or continue their studies. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence the transition from school to work for the population of young Chileans using probabilistic models based on nationally representative data. The results show that poverty, the existence of children in households, gender and adolescent parenthood are determining factors. Some strategies are highlighted and an emphasis is placed on the need to continue research in this area, taking into account the multitude of factors involved.

(analítico) No Chile, a população actualmente classificada como jovens que não estudam nem trabalham (doravante, NEM-NEM) ascende a quase meio milhão de pessoas, o que representa um desafio em termos de orientação de políticas que lhes permitam entrar no mercado de trabalho ou continuar os seus estudos. O objectivo deste estudo é determinar os fatores que influenciam a transição da escola para o trabalho na população de jovens chilenos, utilizando modelos probabilísticos baseados em dados representativos a nível nacional. Os resultados mostram que a pobreza, a existência de menores no lar, o gênero e a paternidade adolescente são fatores determinantes. Algumas estratégias são delineadas e a ênfase é colocada em estudos mais aprofundados, considerando a multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos.

Programas de Intervención Socioeducativos para Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual: una Revisión Sistemática / Social-Educational Intervention Programmes for People with Intelectual Disabilities: a Systematic Review

RESUMEN: El enfoque de la inclusión social y educativa cobra cada vez mayor relevancia en políticas dirigidas a personas en situación de discapacidad, especialmente cuando sus derechos demandan apoyos desde una perspectiva ecológica y multidimensional. De esta forma, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática ha sido analizar la investigación relacionada con programas de intervención socioeducativos para niños, jóvenes y adultos con discapacidad intelectual que han seguido métodos experimentales y/o cuasi experimentales. De acuerdo con los lineamientos de la Declaración PRISMA se han seleccionado 19 estudios utilizando bases de datos internacionales, durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados muestran que la mayor cantidad de programas consideran en su muestra, niños y adolescentes (68%) y en menor porcentaje a jóvenes y adultos (31%). Por otro lado, el 52.6% no identifica diseño y tipo de muestra, y la medida más utilizada corresponde a pre y post test (78.9%). Se discuten hallazgos y conclusiones para la mejora de apoyos a las personas con discapacidad intelectual especialmente frente a la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: The approach to social and educational inclusion is becoming increasingly relevant in policies aimed at people with disabilities, especially when their rights demand support from an ecological and multidimensional perspective. Tus, the objective of this systematic review has been to analyze the investigations related to socio-educational intervention programs for children, youth and adults with intellectual disabilities that have followed experimental and/or quasi-experimental methods. In accordance with the PRISMA Declaration guidelines, 19 studies were selected using international databases, during the 1995-2020 period. The results show that the largest number of programs consider children and adolescents in their sample (68%) and, to a lesser extent, young people and adults (31%). However, 52.6% do not identify the design and type of sample, and the most used measure corresponds to the pre and post test (78.9%). Findings and conclusions are discussed in order to improve support for people with intellectual disabilities, especially in the face of the health crisis of COVID-19.

[Control of Aedes aegypti breeding sites with the program Recicla por tu bienestar in Merida, Mexico]. / Control de criaderos de Aedes aegypti con el programa Recicla por tu bienestar en Mérida, México.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of Ae. aegypti breeding-sites in Merida;to evaluate the impact of Recicla por tu bienestar (RxB, a recycling program) on the reduction of breeding sites and the perception of participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relative importance for pupae production of the different types of breeding-sites was determined. Pre-and post-RxB entomological surveys were performed in participant neighborhoods to evaluate the impact on total containers and positive breeding-sites. A survey on the perception of participating people about dengue prevention and control and RxB was applied. RESULTS: Buckets/pots and "small diverse items" were the most important breeding-sites. RxB had a significant impact in the reduction of total containers (IRR = 0.74), positive containers (IRR = 0.33) and the risk of a house being positive for Ae. aegypti (OR = 0.41). All the interviewed participants referred RxB as needed and most consider it useful. CONCLUSIONS: RxB should be considered as a good practice for the dengue vector control.

Control de criaderos de Aedes aegypti con el programa Recicla por tu bienestar en Mérida, México / Control of Aedes aegypti breeding sites with the program Recicla por tu bienestar in Merida, Mexico

Objetivos. Determinar la importancia de los criaderos de Ae. aegypti en Mérida; evaluar el impacto del programa Recicla por tu bienestar (RxB) sobre la presencia/abundancia de éstos y la percepción de los habitantes. Material y métodos. Se calculó la importancia de los criaderos por su productividad pupal. Se realizaron muestreos pre y post RxB en colonias para cuantificar el total de recipientes/criaderos. Se aplicó una encuesta a participantes sobre la percepción sobre RxB en colonias seleccionadas. Resultados. Los botes, cubetas y diversos objetos chicos fueron los criaderos más importantes. RxB tuvo un impacto significativo en la reducción del número de recipientes (IRR=0.74), en los recipientes positivos (IRR=0.33) y en la positividad de las viviendas para Ae.aegypti (OR=0.41 j.Todos los entrevistados opinaron que RxB es necesario y la gran mayoría piensa que es útil. Conclusiones. RxB debe ser considerada una buena práctica para el control del vector del dengue.

Objectives. To determine the importance of Ae. aegypti breeding-sites in Merida;to evaluate the impact of Recicla por tu bienestar (RxB, a recycling program) on the reduction of breeding sites and the perception of participants. Materials and methods. The relative importance for pupae production of the different types of breeding-sites was determined. Pre-and post-RxB entomological surveys were performed in participant neighborhoods to evaluate the impact on total containers and positive breeding-sites. A survey on the perception of participating people about dengue prevention and control and RxB was applied. Results. Buckets/pots and "small diverse items" were the most important breeding-sites. RxB had a significant impact in the reduction of total containers (IRR = 0.74), positive containers (IRR = 0.33) and the risk of a house being positive for Ae. aegypti (OR = 0.41). All the interviewed participants referred RxB as needed and most consider it useful. Conclusions. RxB should be considered as a good practice for the dengue vector control.

Quistes epidermoides del suelo de boca: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Epidermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth: presentation of two cases and review of the literature

Los quistes epidermoides son una patología frecuente, pero su localización en la cavidad oral es excepcional. Para el abordaje quirúrgico son factores determinantes su tamaño y las relaciones anatómicas. Presentamos dos casos clínicos diagnosticados en el servicio de ORL entre 1999 y 2007, que consultaron por tumoración de crecimiento progresivo en el suelo de boca. Se realiza una revisión acerca del diagnóstico y de los abordajes quirúrgicos de los quistes epidermoides para intentar estandarizar su tratamiento(AU)

Epidermoid cysts are a frequent pathology; nevertheless their location in the oral cavity is exceptional. Their size and anatomical location are determining factors in the surgical approach.. We present two cases diagnosed in our ENT Department between 1999 and 2007, which were referred to us due to slow growing masses on the floor of the mouth. A literature review was made on the diagnosis, surgical techniques and management of epidermoid cysts in an attempt to standardise their management(AU)

Vocal pathologies of difficult diagnosis.

The objective of this study was to review four vocal pathologies difficult to diagnose (vocal sulci, submucosal cysts, pseudocysts, and mucosal bridges) seen in the Principe de Asturias University Hospital Voice Unit (Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain) over a 9-year period. This study was to show the prevalence of these pathologies out of the total number of benign vocal pathologies, basing our findings on clinical and stroboscopic criteria; and to analyze the stroboscopic-surgical correlation of the series over the last 3 1/2 years. This study was a retrospective review of the stroboscopies carried out between 1993 and 2002, of the suspected diagnoses offered by three ENT specialists. The data were based on the video archives of the unit and surgical notes. We reviewed 4206 stroboscopies, 189 (4.5%) corresponded to new cases. Within this group, we found the following distribution: 48% of vocal sulci, 42% of submucosal cysts, 10% of pseudocysts, and 0% of mucosal bridges. Seventy-nine percent showed unilateral pathology. The sulci showed the highest percentage of bilaterality (33%). The stroboscopic-surgical correlation (1999-2002) was positive in 69% of the sulci, 78% of the cysts, and 100% of the pseudocysts. In our series, 4.5% of the stroboscopies were performed on these groups of difficult diagnosis. For these pathologies, the stroboscopy is the exploratory method that offers more information and that allows us to obtain an optimal correlation between diagnostic suspicion and surgical evidence.

Inmunidad a la poliomelitis en una muestra de niños en la región central de salud, San José, Costa Rica / Immunity to polio in children of the Costa Rican Central Health Region

Se determina la inmunidad hacia poliovirus, mediante la técnica de microneutralización, en 83 sueros de niños menores de dos años, seleccionados por un muestreo por conglomerado realizado en población urbana de la región central, San José, Costa Rica. Las historias de vacunación estuvieron disponibles, para todos los niños. Se definió como negativos aquellos títulos menores de 1:4, encontrándose que un 82 por ciento de los niños presentaban actividad neutralizante para los tres serotipos, 14 por ciento hacia solo dos, y un 2 por ciento a un serotipo. La frecuencia de inmunidad en los niños aumenta con el número de dosis de vacunas administradas, obteniéndose un 100 por ciento después de tres dosis y un refuerzo